Exploring Earned Wage Access as a Liquidity Solution

Cryptocurrencies have shown tremendous potential recently; thus, trading volumes in cryptocurrency markets are rising, indicating that the liquidity levels in these marketsFootnote 2 are significantly improving (Shahzad et al. 2019). Additionally, the sentiment toward the cryptocurrency market is showing positive signs (Naeem et al. 2020b, 2021b). However, greater institutional involvement means improved liquidity in the cryptocurrency market. This notion implies a heightened risk of liquidity transmission across cryptocurrencies.

These observations coincide with our finding of medium-run connectedness analysis that shows an overall weaker liquidity connectedness among cryptocurrencies in the medium run as compared with the short and long run. CCC measures the average number of days a business takes to convert its resources into cash flow. CCC evaluates operations and management efficiency because it provides stakeholders with insights as to how long the business takes to realize cash flow from its investments in sales and production processes.

• Assuming one-twelfth of those loans pay back at maturity within 30 days and applying the 50% haircut in the rule gives a cash inflow of $0.1 billion.
• Figure 1 depicts a liquidity connectedness network that shows the direction, magnitude, and strength of liquidity spillovers from each currency to all other coins and backward.
• First, we observe a substantial increase in the magnitude of connectedness for ETH as it surpasses BTC and LTC.

All firms, particularly financial institutions, require access to borrowed funds to carry out their operations, from paying their near-term obligations to making long-term strategic investments. An inability to acquire such funding within a reasonable timeframe could place a firm at risk, as graphically shown by the recent demise of certain investment banks and other financial institutions. In particular, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) recently reviewed and expanded its survey of sound practices for liquidity risk management by both banking organizations and their supervisors. This Economic Letter reviews and highlights key elements of liquidity risk measurement and management. In 2020, in response to the COVID-19 crisis, the Federal Reserve ensured liquidity in the economy by buying massive amounts of Treasuries and mortgage-backed securities.

From another perspective, XMR receives medium spillovers from Dash but weak spillovers from the rest of the currencies and only transmits medium liquidity spillovers to Dash. Interestingly, the smallest cryptocurrency in our sample, that is, Dash, receives substantial liquidity spillover from ETH and XRP, which are relatively smaller cryptocurrencies than BTC. We first apply the spillover model of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) to compute the liquidity connectedness across our sample cryptocurrencies.

“Bank of America” and “BofA Securities” are the marketing names used by the Global Banking and Global Markets divisions of Bank of America Corporation. Lending, derivatives, other commercial banking activities, and trading in certain financial instruments are performed globally by banking affiliates of Bank of America Corporation, including Bank of America, N.A., Member FDIC. BofA Securities, Inc. is a registered futures commission merchant with the CFTC and a member of the NFA.

There will always be some degree of uncertainty when forecasting and making business decisions about how to best manage a company’s liquidity. Another part of the regulatory landscape are the addition of liquidity requirements, which are mandated for U.S. banks in the Dodd–Frank Act and will be a component of the Basel III capital accords. The aftermath of the financial crisis has been punctuated by calls for financial reform to ensure that it will never happen again. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 mandates that U.S. regulators increase capital requirements for financial companies deemed to be systemic. The authors did not receive financial support from any firm or person for this paper or from any firm or person with a financial or political interest in this paper. They are currently not officers, directors,or board members of any organization with an interest in this paper.

So-called liquidity takers can target stale quotes via multiple paths, with limited risk should they fail. Liquidity providers on the other hand can often send only a single cancel or amend message at a time, putting them at a disadvantage and exposing them to potentially major losses if they’re unable to amend or cancel quotes before they get executed. In a series of articles, we’ll explore the different types of liquidity protection offered by exchanges to market makers, with the goal of educating market participants about these measures. We conclude that liquidity protection improves options markets – and that a combination of these measures is the most effective way to ensure our markets continue to function smoothly for the benefit of all. Volumes in single-stock and index contracts continue to soar in parts of the world, while new options products are rolled out regularly. An often-overlooked reason for this is the liquidity that’s available to options traders, which has allowed these instruments to become global barometers for investor sentiment.

Finally, we report that liquidity connectedness is a phenomenon dependent on the time–frequency connectedness that offers diverse opportunities to investors with short- and long-term investment horizons. This study explores the dynamics of liquidity connectedness in the cryptocurrency market using several static and dynamic connectedness approaches. We use six major cryptocurrencies based on market capitalization and the availability of comprehensive time series data. Using the DY2012 network-based spillover approach, we report a moderate liquidity connectedness among sample cryptocurrencies, with BTC and LTC playing a significant role concerning the magnitude of connectedness. Conversely, XMR and Dash are the least connected currencies in the liquidity network. Additionally, in our liquidity clustering analysis, BTC and LTC, along with XRP, form a distinct liquidity cluster, whereas we observe separating clustering between ETH, XMR, and Dash.

If alternative sources of liquidity cannot offset the decline in shares, costs to replace such funding may rise. A similar analysis of First Republic Bank suggests it also would have been out of compliance with the LCR if it had been required to meet it. Its 10-K for 2022 notes that, although the LCR didn’t apply, the bank had $26 billion in high-quality liquid assets. But that would be their HQLA ignoring the haircuts and cap on Level 2 assets that the LCR rule imposes. Meanwhile, First Republic had $176 billion in deposits, of which about one-third was insured; $51 billion in commitments; $10 billion in short-term FHLB commitments; and minimal inflows.

Financial firms can meet their liquidity needs through several sources ranging from existing assets to debt obligations and equity. The most readily available is operating cash flows arising from interest and principal payments from existing assets, service fees, and the receipt of funds from various transactions. For example, active management of the timing and maturity of firms’ asset and liability cash flows can enhance liquidity. In addition, firms may sell assets that are near-term cash equivalents, such as government securities. Past performance should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of future performance, and no representation or warranty, express or implied, is made regarding future performance. Opinions and/or estimates reflect a judgment at the original date of publication by the Firm and are subject to change without notice.

The RRP is a useful tool of last resort when short-term funding alternatives are in short supply. But more recently, the RRP has seen declining use; not only is the Fed unwinding its balance sheet, but money market funds have more attractive alternatives in which to invest cash. At this pace, the RRP could eventually be drained before the end of the year, marking an end to excess liquidity if it falls below $100–$200 billion, according to market consensus. Currently, RRP use is north of $500 billion (Display), which the Fed has deemed ample. If the quality of a credit union’s loan or investment portfolio deteriorates, asset cash flows may decrease and affect liquidity.

Liquidity management is the proactive process of ensuring a company has the cash on hand to meet its financial obligations as they come due. It is a critical component of financial performance as it directly impacts a company’s working capital. Liquidity management has become an essential aspect of cash flow management as businesses increasingly look to optimize their working capital. With more companies operating on tight margins, it is critical to understand what liquidity is and how it can be managed effectively.

A robust cash flow forecast will not only help businesses avoid having liquidity issues when they unexpectedly face higher than normal expenses but also reconcile the two key financial parameters of cash flow and profit. No matter how large a profit a business makes, if it cannot convert that profit into cash, it will not be able to meet financial obligations such as covering payroll, paying for inventory, increasing liquidity, and avoiding insolvency risk. As the Understanding Contract For Distinction Cfd Risks profit margin increases, every sale will bring more cash flow and result in higher overall ROE. As asset turnover increases, a business will generate more sales per asset owned, also resulting in higher overall ROE. Lastly, an increase in gearing should result in an increase in ROE because debt is usually the cheapest source of financing. The increased use of debt as financing will cause a business to have higher interest payments, which are tax-deductible.

However, we note reduced (heightened) connectedness index levels for short (medium)-run frequency domains, whereas the long-run connectedness remains unchanged. Therefore, we estimate the dynamic connectedness spillovers using a 200-day rolling window with a lag order of 12 based on Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) to capture the time-varying liquidity spillovers. We observe a declining trend from the start of the sample period to early 2017, when liquidity connectedness increases and peaks in October 2017.